Midterm 2 Solutions Essay - 1910 Words

CSCI 4061: Introduction to Operating Systems Fall 2008 Mid-Term Exam II Sample Solution NAME: STUDENT ID: General Instructions: †¢ Write your name and student ID clearly above. †¢ You have 1 hour and 15 minutes to write the exam. No extra time will be given. †¢ There are 4 questions in the exam, all with subparts. The questions combine for a maximum of 100 points. †¢ You must write your answers clearly in the space provided for each question. You might use the backside of each page, as well as any additional sheets as required. If you are using additional space, you must clearly label the question no. that you are answering. Any loose sheets must have your name and student ID written clearly. †¢ The exam is open book/open notes, however,†¦show more content†¦The threads run concurrently, and their order of execution or the interleaving of their instructions is non-deterministic. For each of the following, show how you will modify the code for thread i using semaphores to achieve the desired execution behavior. Note: For each semaphore that you use, show where you will add its wait and/or signal operations, and also specify its initial value. Also Note: You can use pseudocode instead of POSIX/C syntax for your solution. (a) (6 pts) Have each thread execute its code (both foo and bar) in a mutually exclusive manner. The order in which the threads execute does not matter. Ans: This is a classical critical section problem, and we basically need a mutex lock here. Recall that a semaphore with initial value of 1 can be used identically to a mutex lock (since it allows only 1 thread to be in the critical section at a time). So the solution is as follows. Declare a global semaphore: semaphore sem=1; Code for thread i: wait(sem); foo(i); bar(i); signal(sem); (b) (12 pts) Have each thread execute foo in a mutually exclusive manner, but allow upto 5 of them to execute bar concurrently. The order in which the threads execute does not matter. Ans: Here, executing foo is again a classical critical section problem, that can be solved similar to p art (a). However, executing bar allows multiple threads to be in the critical section, and this can be achieved by initializing the semaphoreShow MoreRelatedFin 534 Midterm Exam Part 1 and Part 2 Solution711 Words   |  3 PagesFIN 534 Midterm Exam Part 1 and Part 2 Solution Purchase here https://sellfy.com/p/cZb2/ Product Description FIN 534 Midterm Exam Part 1 and Part 2 Solution FIN 534 Midterm Exam Part 1 and Part 2 Solution FIN 534 Midterm Exam Part 1 and Part 2 Solution FIN 534 Midterm Exam Part 1 and Part 2 Solution FIN 534 Midterm Exam Part 1 and Part 2 Solution FIN 534 Midterm Exam Part 1 and Part 2 Solution FIN 534 Midterm Exam Part 1 and Part 2 Solution Purchase here https://sellfy.com/p/cZb2/ Read MorePlagiarism And Academic Dishonesty Prevention Over Detection And Punishment1614 Words   |  7 Pagesdesigned to target plagiarism/academic dishonesty prevention over detection and punishment. Answering the questions in the problem set would ensure the following things: 1. 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Succubus Blues CHAPTER 7 Free Essays

I turned and saw Roman sitting over in a corner of the small lobby. He looked striking in a deep green turtleneck, his dark hair brushed away from his face. He smiled at me when I caught his eye, and I walked over to sit near him. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Blues CHAPTER 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Jesus, you really are a stalker.† â€Å"Well, well. Aren’t you presumptuous. I only came for my coat.† â€Å"Ah.† I blushed, feeling foolish. â€Å"How long have you been waiting?† â€Å"Not too long. I actually tried the bookstore first, thinking that might be a little less stalker- ish.† â€Å"It’s my day off.† I looked down at the riotously colored blossoms in my arms. â€Å"Thanks for the flowers. You didn’t need to bring them to get your coat back.† Roman shrugged, those blue-green eyes wreaking havoc with me. â€Å"True, but I figured they might induce you to go out for a drink tonight.† So he did have another motive. â€Å"Not this again – â€Å" â€Å"Hey, if you’d wanted to avoid ‘this,’ you shouldn’t have lured me in last night. Now it’s too late. You might as well avoid the long, drawn-out pain and get it over with quickly. Sort of like taking off a Band-Aid. Or cutting off a limb.† â€Å"Wow. Who says there’s no romance left in the world?† In spite of my sarcasm, I found Roman’s easy repartee a refreshing change from the halting atmosphere with Seth. â€Å"So, what? Does that mean you finally concede, general? Truly, you’ve fought a worthy battle in eluding me thus far.† â€Å"I don’t know. You showed up at my home. I apparently didn’t do that much eluding.† When he only waited expectantly, my smile faded. I sighed, studying him and trying to figure out his motivations. â€Å"Roman, you seem like a nice guy and everything – â€Å" He groaned. â€Å"No. Don’t start that with me. It’s never a good sign when a woman says ‘you’re a nice guy’ It means she’s getting ready to let you down easy.† I shook my head. â€Å"I’m just not interested in getting serious with anyone right now, that’s all.† â€Å"Whoa, ‘get serious’? Slow down there, sister. I’m not asking you to marry me or anything. I just want to go out with you sometime, maybe catch a movie, have dinner and drinks, that’s it. Kiss at the end of the night if I’m lucky. Hell, if that still freaks you out, we’ll just shake hands.† I leaned my head back against the wall, and we stayed like that a moment, each of us sizing up the other. I knew it was perfectly possible for men and women to go out on dates without automatic sex, but my dates generally didn’t work that way. My instincts drove me to seek sex out, and looking at him, I realized that urge might be strong independent of any sort of succubus need to feed. I liked the way he looked, the way he dressed, and the way he smelled. I especially liked his goofy attempt at courtship. Unfortunately, I couldn’t turn off the destructive succubus absorption, even if I wanted to. It would happen of its own volition, probably strongly with him. Even the kiss he joked about would still steal some of his life away. â€Å"I don’t know anything about you,† I said finally, realizing I’d been quiet too long. He smiled lazily. â€Å"What do you want to know?† â€Å"Well†¦ I don’t know. What do you like to do? Do you even have a job? You must have lax hours to be able to hang around me all the time.† â€Å"All the time, huh? You’re being presumptuous again, but yes, I do work. I teach a couple of community college linguistics classes. Short of when I’m there, I get to make my own hours with grading and stuff.† â€Å"Okay. What’s your last name?† â€Å"Smith.† â€Å"No way.† â€Å"Way.† â€Å"That hardly goes with Duke Roman.† I tried to think of another appropriate screening item. â€Å"How long have you lived in Seattle?† â€Å"A few years.† â€Å"Hobbies?† â€Å"I’ve got some.† He paused and cocked his head toward me when no more questions came. â€Å"Anything else you want to know? Should I dig out my college transcripts perhaps? A full curriculum vitae and background check?† I waved a hand of dismissal. â€Å"I have no use for inconsequential information like that. I only need to know the really important stuff.† â€Å"Like?† â€Å"Like†¦ what’s your favorite song?† The question obviously caught him by surprise, but he recovered immediately, just as he had last night. I loved that. â€Å"The last half of the Beatles’ Abbey Road.’ â€Å"The last half of Abbey Road?† â€Å"Yeah, there are a bunch of songs, but they sort of blend into one song – â€Å" I cut him off with a quick gesture. â€Å"Yeah, yeah, I know the album.† â€Å"So?† â€Å"So, that’s a pretty good answer.† I tugged at my ponytail, wondering how best to navigate this. He nearly had me. â€Å"I – no. I’m sorry. I can’t. It’s just too complicated. Even the one date. It’ll turn into a second date, then another, then – â€Å" â€Å"You really do jump ahead. What if I gave the super-secret Boy Scout promise to never bother you again after one date?† â€Å"You’d agree to that?† I asked skeptically. â€Å"Sure, if that’s what you want. But I don’t think you will once you’ve spent an evening with me.† A suggestive tone in his voice did something to my stomach I hadn’t felt in a very long time. Before I could fully process this, my cell phone rang. â€Å"Sorry,† I apologized, digging it out of my purse. Glancing at the Caller ID display, I recognized Cody’s number. â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Hey, Georgina. Something weird happened tonight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lord. That could mean anything from another death to Peter shaving his head. â€Å"Hang on a second.† I stood up and looked at Roman, juggling the vase of flowers as I did. He rose with me, looking concerned. â€Å"Is everything okay?† â€Å"Yeah, I mean, no. I mean, I don’t know. Look Roman, I need to go upstairs and take this call. I appreciate the flowers, but I just can’t get involved right now. I’m sorry. It’s not you, it’s me. Honestly.† He took a few steps toward me as I started to walk away. â€Å"Wait.† He dug in his pockets, pulled out a pen and piece of paper. Hastily he scrawled something and handed it to me. I looked down and saw a phone number. â€Å"For when you change your mind.† â€Å"I won’t.† He simply smiled, inclined his head slightly, and left the lobby. I watched him only a moment before heading upstairs, anxious to hear Cody’s news. Once inside, I set the flowers on my counter and put the phone back to my ear. â€Å"Still there?† â€Å"Yeah. Who’s Roman and why’d you use the old ‘it’s not you, it’s me’ line on him?† â€Å"Never mind. What’s going on? Is someone else dead?† â€Å"No†¦ no. It’s just, something happened, and Peter doesn’t think it’s a big deal. Hugh said you thought there might be more going on than we think.† â€Å"Tell me what happened.† â€Å"I think we were followed last night.† Cody related how, not long after leaving my place, he’d kept hearing footsteps following him and Peter on the street. Whenever he’d turned around, no one was there. Peter had written the matter off, as they had sensed no other being present. â€Å"Maybe you don’t know what a vampire hunter feels like.† â€Å"I’d still have felt something. And Peter certainly would have. Maybe he’s right, and I was imagining things. Or maybe it was just a regular mortal, wanting to mug us or something.† I doubted that. We couldn’t sense mortals the same way we could sense immortals, but one would be hard-pressed to sneak up on a vampire. â€Å"Thanks for telling me. You did the right thing.† â€Å"What should I do now?† A strange, anxious feeling played through me as I thought about some freak stalking Peter and Cody. Dysfunctional they might have been, but I loved them. They were the closest I had to family anymore. I couldn’t let anything happen to them. â€Å"What Jerome said. Be careful. Stay with others. Let me know immediately if anything happens.† â€Å"What about you?† I thought of Erik. â€Å"I’m going to clear things up, once and for all.† How to cite Succubus Blues CHAPTER 7, Essay examples

Disappearing Languages free essay sample

Many languages are disappearing every year. Is this is a bad thing or could have fewer languages help bring people together. Globalization and liberalizing made the world to shrink Into the size of a village. Unfortunately, this means that smaller languages are In danger of extinction. Some people fear the loss of cultural Identity, while others believe that the world with less language Is better. In a 4-paragraph essay, explain why you feel that we should or should not preserve local languages. Order, unity, and continuity are human inventions, just as truly as catalogues and encyclopedias. Bertrand Russell. Fewer languages provide more people the chance to speak with one another. Even though some people have the fear that they would lose their cultural identity, I disagree. I believe that fewer languages in the world would be better by providing the unity and friendship of many countries. There is plenty to be gained from having fewer languages. We will write a custom essay sample on Disappearing Languages or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By having the same language, people can offer and sense, unity, equality, and also encourage financial expansion. This could decrease the problem of confusion and misinterpretations, all while providing rapid travel between nations, and enhancing commerce.Through countries having the same language, this can reduce downgrading In the standards of life. Isosceles who do not speak a major world language may fall behind In science, technology, and economics. Another point In having less language would be communal thoughts. Universal collaboration would happen instantaneously, rather than taking an inordinate length of time to come together. Although some people are afraid of the loss of culture and identity, it appears that, good ideas can survive for centuries. Today, we are not speaking Latin but, the values of their philosophers are remained with us each day.Even the languages, like Greek, that are spoken today still retain the philosophies and are improved upon. Overall, fewer languages prove to be more of a benefit than a hindrance. People can unite and come together more often with less languages. Fewer barriers are set In place with fewer languages. Technology, standards of life, and more can all be Increased by the decrease In languages. Unity Is key to shrinking the world, while Increasing consciousness of the world as a whole. So by lessening the amount of languages, is the best way to obtain unity.

Literature - Woman Authors an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Literature - Woman Authors Introduction: Folktales are the facts and incidents related to the lives of ordinary people but they carry profound meaning and provide the realistic assessment of their existence. The life of each individual is a folk-tale, something very special, whether you name it thus or not. In her story, Leslie Marmon Silko has provided unassailable facts and arguments as to how folktale is part of our present life and what is has in store for the future. Flannery O Connors takes on the nihilistic philosophy of life. How is myth employed in the criticism of a given social and cultural order? Can myth and fiction play a role in the transformation of the real world and what could be its impact on the day to day life of humankind? Need essay sample on "Literature - Woman Authors" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Usually Tell EssayLab writers: Idon't want to write my paper. Because I don't have the time Specialists recommend: Follow Essaylab Writing Service Cheap Essay Help Professional Writers For Hire College Paper Writing Service Reviews Legitimate Essay Writing Services Arguments: The common theme in both stories is the impact they create in the minds of the readers as for the role of noble qualities and spirituality in the life of a human being. Many people hold destructive opinions without considering their full implications. Flannery O'Connor's "Good Country People" uses characterization, symbolism, and irony to warn people with a nihilistic philosophy of life that their beliefs will inevitably lead to ruin. In this story a young atheist woman is destroyed when she is brought face-to-face with the evil personification of her worldview.( www. literature...) The story deals with the interplay of pairs of opposites. Good and bad, proud and humble, integrity and corruption etc. Ones heart and mind do not always work in tandem. Intelligence and humility also need not go hand in hand. There is no limit to the storage capacity of a corrupt heart, as for the negative tendencies. It contains a variety of evils like pride, criminality, sexually demonic etc. and the net effect is, it becomes utterly corrupt. The main theme of the story is corruption related to the mind and heart. The two main characters of the story Ms. Hopwell and Mrs.Freeman see nothing but corruption in the minds and small and big actions of the people with whom they interact. The author creates a picture of the simple actions of the characters, as if they have no other business except to see evil and do evil. Eyes with the tainted glasses see everything tainted. The usage of bad slang, though in the wittiest manner, is not a fair action. Malice-coated words cannot deliver favorable results and are not conducive to emit positive vibrations. The bible salesman, in the story is the example of symbolism used by the author to highlight the quality and character of Manley Pointer. She creates such twist in the plot with telling effect, at the most unsuspected moment by the reader. The very mention of the word bible evokes genuine feelings as for the personality associated. You think that he is kind at heart and a devout Christian. He is the ideal country person. But in the later part of the story we find him to be the Satan in the guise as a saintly person. He just has the cross on the neck, but no Christ in the heart. Through her intelligent application of repeated paradigms, Flannery proves how the phrase, good country people is a misnomer. She touches the border of spirituality and grapples with issues like the inter-play of good and evil, and through her character she reveals how the never-ending tussle goes between corrupt hearts and pride of intellect. Her characters give the testimony that how the nihilistic philosophy of life will lead to utter ruin. Why is it not advisable to get caught in the web of evil actions which produce the most unwanted reactions? She achieves this effect through her character Hulga, a doctorate intellectual, who believes that there is no purpose in life. She has an artificial leg, and that is an integral symbol in the story. She is possessive, worried and sensitive about her leg, and she is the only one who has ever touched it. Otherwise she scorns and scoffs at everyone. The author describes through her characters how it is nice to be a good nihilist than a wicke d god-fearing man. What does nihilistic philosophy mean? --in a way, it is the materialistic view of life. What is true spiritual life needs proper explanation. Spiritualism as it is practiced, by majority of the people belonging to various societies, is no spirituality at all. The real spirituality transcends the borders of reason. Such a level is rightly explained by Silko and she suggests the existence of truths or forces that transcend culture and society. At that stage the mind-level differences lose their individual identity to merge in the stage of Collective Consciousness. It is the state of bliss. To sum up Yellow Women briefly--The woman narrator goes for a walk by the river where she meets a mysterious man, Silva, who seduces her. He tells her that he is a ka'tsina (kachina) spirit and calls her "Yellow Woman," invoking a character in stories that the narrator had heard from her grandfather. Although she doubts that he is really a ka'tsina spirit, the narrator feels compelled to go up the mountain with Silva and makes love with him repeatedly. Silva is involved in cattle rustli ng and possibly murder. Though eventually she leaves him and returns to her village, she is sad to be without him and hopes that he will again seek her out by the river.(Fajardo) Every spiritual principle must stand the test of practicability; in other words, that which is not practical, is not spiritual either. Both the stories deal with the issues of cultural and personal identities as reflected through the day to day disposition and maneuvers of people during small and big interactions. How it takes all kinds of people to make the world! Each individual tries to extract selfish gains wearing the mask of spirituality. They change colors like the chameleon. In institutions of faith like marriage, adultery creeps in; and desires outsmart duty. In pursuit of ones ignoble goals, how mean one becomes, destroys the personality and cherished ideals of the other. Both the stories are the mirrors of the life of that era, and they are the sources of cultural, political, economic and anthropological lives of the people. In both stories the sensory and bodily perceptions are handled evenly, appropriate to the relevance of the story. But in reality such events do happen in the present era as well, though they are reported in a different style. Conclusion: They say, theory is other mans experience. Myths of the past have much relevance to the life of humankind of today. The details may be different, but the essentials are the same. To explain this with a philosophical analogyhowsoever big may be the waves of the ocean; their essential nature is mere water! Each character in both the above stories, tries to find a logical justification for the type of life one is living and for several related actions. One doesnt seem to have regrets of any sort about them and never hesitates to take chances to fulfill ones desires and ulterior motives. References: Fajardo, Dr. Fidel: Article: Yellow Woman, Leslie Marmon Article: Flannery O'Connor. Good Country People. Nihilist Hypocrites. http://www.literature-study-online.com/essays/oconnor.html - 21k - Cached - Similar pages

Free Essays on The Path To A Profession

The Path to A Profession I’ll never forget the night my mother, sister, and I left my father. After years of emotional abuse at the hands of my father, we finally packed up our things and ran away in the middle of the night. We ended up at Ms. Donna’s house, a good friend of my mothers. I remember lying on her couch bed later that night thinking, â€Å"Was this real?† I couldn’t believe that we had finally gotten out. I felt like my life had turned into an after school special. My whole body was paralyzed. Everything around me was a blur. For a moment, I was the only thing that existed and I lay that way in Ms. Donna’s couch bed the whole night. After the dust of that first night had settled, we found an apartment off of Government Street. It was nothing compared to the big house I was used to. I remember the first time I set foot into the 3-bedroom apartment. I felt like I was in an empty dollhouse. No matter how much furniture we put in there, it was always empty to me. Every time I walked on the hard wood floors, I would tiptoe like a child afraid of getting caught awake after bedtime. I don’t know why I did this. I guess maybe I was afraid that if anyone heard me walking around, I would realize that this wasn’t a dream. It was always cold there and not once in the two years we lived there did it feel like home. It was rough being in a single-parent household. My father didn’t pay child support or help us with any of the bills so the burden fell on my mother. My father stayed in our house, constantly throwing dinner parties and going on vacations with his friends. The three of us would of ten argue over the last package of Ramon noodles, insisting that the other two eat them. When my parents finally decided they wanted to make their marriage work. They decided to drag my sister and I to family therapy. My decision to become a Psychologist was cemented during this time period. Once ... Free Essays on The Path To A Profession Free Essays on The Path To A Profession The Path to A Profession I’ll never forget the night my mother, sister, and I left my father. After years of emotional abuse at the hands of my father, we finally packed up our things and ran away in the middle of the night. We ended up at Ms. Donna’s house, a good friend of my mothers. I remember lying on her couch bed later that night thinking, â€Å"Was this real?† I couldn’t believe that we had finally gotten out. I felt like my life had turned into an after school special. My whole body was paralyzed. Everything around me was a blur. For a moment, I was the only thing that existed and I lay that way in Ms. Donna’s couch bed the whole night. After the dust of that first night had settled, we found an apartment off of Government Street. It was nothing compared to the big house I was used to. I remember the first time I set foot into the 3-bedroom apartment. I felt like I was in an empty dollhouse. No matter how much furniture we put in there, it was always empty to me. Every time I walked on the hard wood floors, I would tiptoe like a child afraid of getting caught awake after bedtime. I don’t know why I did this. I guess maybe I was afraid that if anyone heard me walking around, I would realize that this wasn’t a dream. It was always cold there and not once in the two years we lived there did it feel like home. It was rough being in a single-parent household. My father didn’t pay child support or help us with any of the bills so the burden fell on my mother. My father stayed in our house, constantly throwing dinner parties and going on vacations with his friends. The three of us would of ten argue over the last package of Ramon noodles, insisting that the other two eat them. When my parents finally decided they wanted to make their marriage work. They decided to drag my sister and I to family therapy. My decision to become a Psychologist was cemented during this time period. Once ...

Dating and Marriage Vocabulary in English

Dating and Marriage Vocabulary in English This dating and marriage vocabulary guide provides common expressions used in English to speak about romance, going out and getting married including the verbs, nouns, and idioms used with these expressions. These are often similar to those used when ​​speaking about romantic relationships. Before Marriage Verbs to ask someone out - to ask someone to go on a date Alan asked Susan out last week. She still hasnt given him an answer.   to date - to see someone repeatedly in a romantic sense They dated for two years before they decided to get married. to fall in love - to find someone that you love They fell in love while on a hike through Peru. to go out - to date once, to go out repeatedly (often used in the present perfect continuous form) Were going out next Friday. Weve been going out for a few months now.   to court - to try to date someone (older English, not often used in modern, everyday English) The young man courted his love by sending her flowers every day. to go steady - to date regularly over a long period of time Tim and I are going steady.   to have a boyfriend/girlfriend - to have a continuing relationship with one person Do you have a boyfriend? - Thats none of your business! to arrange a marriage - to find marriage partners for other people   In the US most people find a partner by dating. However, its common to arrange marriages in a number of cultures around the world.   to woo someone - to try to go out or date someone How long have you been wooing Anna? Have you asked her out yet? Nouns speed dating - modern technique to find someone to date, people speak to each other quickly one after the other in order to find someone to date Speed dating might seem strange to some, but it certainly helps people find others quickly. online dating - sites that help arrange relationships by meeting possible romantic partners online As many as one in three marriages start with online dating these days. courtship - a period of time during which a man tries to convince a woman to marry him (not generally used in modern English, but common in English literate) The courtship lasted for six months, after which the couple married.   relationship - when two people have a committed attachment to each other Im in a relationship at the moment. Idioms a match made in heaven - two people who are perfect for each other Bob and Kim are a match made in heaven. Im sure theyll have a happy and healthy marriage.   love at first sight - what happens when someone falls in love the first time they see someone I feel in love with my wife at first sight. Im not sure it was the same for her. love affair - a romantic relationship Their love affair lasted for more than two years. blind date - to go out with someone you have never seen before, blind dates are often arranged by friends She was surprised at how much fun she had on her blind date last week. Becoming Engaged Verbs to propose - to ask someone to marry you   Im going to propose to Alan next week. to ask someone to marry you - to ask someone to be your spouse Have you asked her to marry you yet? to ask for someones hand in marriage - to ask someone to marry you Peter arranged a romantic dinner and asked Susans hand in marriage. Nouns proposal - the question made when asking someone to marry   He made his proposal when they brought out the champagne. engagement - the state of being engaged, making the promise to marry each other They announced their engagement at the Christmas party last week. fiance - the person to whom you are engaged My fiance works in education. betrothal - a literary term synonymous with engagement (not commonly used in modern English) The couples betrothal was approved by the king. Idioms to pop the question - to ask someone to marry you When are you going to pop the question? Marrying Verbs to get married - the action of becoming husband and wife They got married in a historic church in the countryside.   to marry - to get married They are going to wed next June. to wed - to get married We wed twenty years ago on this day. to say I do - the agree to marry the other person at a wedding The bride and groom said I do after their vows. Nouns anniversary - the day of your wedding, celebrated by married couples Our anniversary is coming up next week. What should I get her? marriage - the state of being married Their marriage is very good. Theyve been married for twenty years. wedding - the ceremony during which people get married The wedding was lovely. I couldnt help crying a little. matrimony - the state of being married (used less commonly than marriage) The matrimony withheld the test of time.   wedlock - the state of being married (used less commonly than marriage) Weve been in wedlock since 1964.   vow - the promise made between two people during a wedding We exchanged our vows in front of our family and friends.   bride - the woman who marries The bride was so beautiful. They looked so happy together. groom - the man who marries The groom looked arrived twenty minutes late for the wedding. Everyone was very nervous!

Comparing two poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing two poems - Essay Example death. Death is the point where the similarities end. Even though, both poems were composed within the period of less than a year by the same poet, their stream of thought and basic ideas about what happens after death vary. In one of the poems, there becomes visible to be life after death, but in the other, there is nothing. In the poem "I Heard a Fly Buzz - When I Died" the first line "I heard a Fly buzz - when I died" transpires an immense implications. First and the foremost significance is this that the poem is in the first person. This is an indication of the fact that the narrator has already tasted the fruit of death and is unfolding the experience. Therefore, what is written must be of some truth. Also the fact that the narrator was concentrating on a fly rather than anything else when she was on her deathbed sets the mood of a calm and ordinary scene. In the poem "Because I Could Not Stop For Death" Dickinson is repeating this convention of writing in the first person and s he also inaugurates the scene in a much untailored type of style. She affirms in this poem that death arrived to pick her up in a carriage and "The Carriage held but just ourselves - And Immortality". This reveals that once again, in this case, death is as an ordinary a thing as taking a carriage ride with a friend or a beau rather than being a dreadful tribulation with a great amount of pain. As for death being described as civil or as being polite and is taken by his good manners. Then compare this to what people think death would really be like, a mean ugly old man that jerks off and doesn't give you the time of day. Therefore, Dickinson views death as just a peaceful thing where one doesn't exactly know what is going on but nonetheless is not overly upset to be there. Dickinson's strong inquisitiveness towards mortality was involved in much of her work, and is her heritage as a poet. "Because I could Not Stop for Death" is Emily Dickinson's most elaborated, quoted and referenced famous poem due to its vague, and exceptional view on the popular subject of death. Death, in this poem is mentioned as a woman's last voyage, which is goaled toward perpetuity. This poem proves to be a facilitator in characterizing and bringing death down to a more private level. Distinguishing from the more accepted notions of death being atrocious and brutal, Dickinson, in her peculiar way, gives the impression that death is unreceptive and trouble-free. Since, the theme of the poem is death, which to the poetess is usual and inescapable for everyone, but, simultaneously offering console that it is not the conclusion of a soul's journey. Rather, it is continuing. The reader can identify the poem's theme by evaluating its various tools which are figures of speech, form and structure, imagery, voice, diction and more than all these symbolism; all of these techniques and tools help the reader to comprehend the poem's meaning. The precise form that Dickinson uses throughout the poem helps convey her message to the reader. The poem is written in five quatrains. The way in which each stanza is written in a quatrain gives the poem unity and makes it easy to read. "Because I Could Not Stop for Death" starts to gives the reader a feeling of forward movement throughout the second and third quatrain. For example, in line 5, Dickinson

Proposal for Lighting Festival Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Proposal for Lighting Festival - Case Study Example You may handover the product and get a replacement free of cost from the store where you have made the purchase. If you are not in a position to revisit the store, kindly arrange to send an email to the undersigned who will take immediate action to collect the product from you replacing it with a new one at our cost. Even though we are sure that what has been reported might be a stray incident, we simply do not want to undertake any risks on the health of the infants, as we value the interests of our customers more than our economic values. We deeply regret the inconvenience caused to you in this respect. It is with deep concern that the management brings to your notice that there has been a serious customer complaint on the product 'infant car seat'. The customer has complained that she has found fragments of glass in the upholstery of the seat which is a serious issue as it may cause dangerous bodily harm to the infant being carried in the seat. Such complaints not only bring monetary loss to the company due to lower sales on account of bad reputation and law suits for huge monetary compensation but also tarnish the image of the company built in the market over the last six years. The management wishes the employees to understand the seriousness of the issue and take all the extra precaution necessary to avoid such mistakes in the future. If any worker is found to be directly or indirectly responsible for the occurrence of such incidents or for non-detection of such complaints he/she will be reprimanded and punished as this is considered as a serious issue that may affect the future business of the company and your future also in the process. We advise each one of the employees in the manufacturing department to be more vigilant in adopting the safety procedures which are already in place for checking the product thoroughly in the assembly for any alien materials. Perhaps some of the employees do not understand the procedure due to language problems. The management though it to better to train all the employees to be proficient in English language so that the safety procedures can be followed effectively. Arrangements are under way for imparting the necessary training. Further safety procedures to be more effective in this direction are being instituted for follow up by workers. The management once again reiterates the seriousness of the issue and warns all the employees to be more cautious and vigilant. Email Dear Mr. Dolan Further to your note on the issue of the customer complaint on the product 'infant car seat' I have made a thorough investigation in to the issue. I have made sure that nothing has gone wrong in our manufacturing location. There is a possibility that this thing might have happened in the store or at the customer's home. But I did not want to do a post mortem of

Bottlenecks in Process Essay Example for Free

Bottlenecks in Process Essay There are series of tasks needs to be completed for successful execution of the process. The slowest task in the successive steps of operation determines the capacity of process. As the neck of the bottle lessens the speed of flow in bottle, the slowest task in the process in called the bottleneck as it impedes the efficiency of operational activities through highest throughput rate or longest cycle time. Identification of bottleneck is necessary for correct analysis of process capacity, which can help in improving the overall performance of operational activities (NetMBA, n. d. ).Laundry is one of the tasks in the home that takes more time, because require a process to have it done. Cycle time is defined as time required for the completing the identified task if it is repeated. So, Pareto chart reflects that the main bottleneck in the process of laundry is sorting operation. The Sorting process has largest cycle time in the mechanical operation of the laundry except the automatic process of washing and drying operations, which has least scope of improvement without changing the equipment. The whole process can be in equilibrium if each activity consumes equal time. But this happens rarely.Bottleneck is important area of concern, which helps in taking necessary measures to improve the overall process. We can apply the five focusing steps to improve the performance of the system. The application of 5 focusing steps in theory of constraints. Five focusing steps are laundry preparation is defined as follows: 0. Goal of the System – In the process of laundry, the goal of the system is to wash and dry the cloths in minimum time. 1. Identification of the constraint – The pre-sorting of cloths using quick sorter is critical factor in reducing the sorting time in Laundry Process. 2.  Exploitation of the constraint – The overall output of the laundry preparation depends on the output of the constraint. If sorting process is taking too much time to do the laundry for each type of durable, delicate and normal cloths, other members has to compensate with compromising their leisure time to attend other tasks. 3. Subordinate other works to the constraint – Since pre-sorting the cloths can be done each day to put the cloths in drawer of appropriate label, it will reduce the overall process time of laundry on the day of laundry by unfolding the socks in available and taking care of detergents and liquid fabric softener. . Minimize the constraint – Some investment like products like quick sorter from market can improve the sorting time. It can be helpful in minimizing the constraint. 5. Iteration for further improving the system – If goal is not achieved, it can be started further from step 0 to improve the system by working on other bottlenecks also. 6. Change the system – If system does not respond to any techniques of improvement, it can be replaced by better system to get the best result. But that will be the last option. Conclusion  Using bottlenecks to improve the productivity off system in theory of constraints. Once bottleneck is eliminated or reduced to considerable extent, other task can be identified as new area of focus to improve the performance of the process. In my daily activities, next bottleneck in laundry process of unfolding socks is much faster than sorting. Hence, we can say that the main bottleneck has significant impact on the capacity of process whereas second bottleneck has limited concern in the efficiency of process. Reference http://www.netmba.com/operations/process/analysis/

Essay --

A classic is defined as â€Å"an author or literary work of the first rank, especially one of demonstrably enduring quality† according to the dictionary. Classic works are treasured by the experiences in novels that relate back to the reader, they hide emotions that float to the surface once you feel the pain of the characters truly come to life; with classic novels every read should feel as though it were the first. John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars could easily become a classic novel one day; while reading this novel readers can understand Hazels passiveness, have experienced the love that’s being shared within the pages, and the book just can’t be put down because of its dry humor that makes readers want more. Hazel, the passive teenager, puts a lot of effort into trying not to hurt other people. Today it seems as though America as a whole does this same thing though? She tries to make things easier for everyone in her life because she's afraid of hurting them. Everyone during their lifetime holds things in or hides small facts for the safety of family and friends, no one wants to be...

Com 220 Prison Overcrowding Harms Everyone

Prison Overcrowding Harms Everyone March 18, 2009 Com 220 Axia College of University of Phoenix Did you know that the USA with 5% of the world's population has 25% of its prisoners, making it the world's no#1 jailer? The most recent statistics from the Department of Justice states that 1 out of every 30 men between the ages of 20 and 34 has been jailed. Most likely, every person in the USA has either been incarcerated or knows someone who was. At the start of 2008, 2,319,258 adults were being held in prison or jail and this number keeps growing. Because of the immense population of inmates, most facilities are overcrowded. To make room for all these inmates, correction departments have resorted to housing prisoners in tents, hallways, and gymnasiums. Below is a picture from USA Today of inmates being housed in a gymnasium. Locking up so many people in these overcrowded conditions creates serious emotional, physical, and mental problems for inmates and causes prisons to be even more dangerous. Due to these conditions, the prisoner winds up worst upon release than when they came in. (Smolowe and Blackman 1994) In addition to the overcrowding problem, there is a huge financial strain to keep these facilities operating. To incarcerate only California’s prisoners, it costs more than $7. 6 million dollars a day. While funding for education and public assistance decreases, the prison budget maintains growth. One would think that for all the important resources we take money away from to invest in prisons, we would see some positive results, but unfortunately the USA has the highest crime rate in the world. Locking up so many people causes serious overcrowding problems making rehabilitation next to impossible. Overcrowded prisons harm the rest of the population by breaking apart families, spreading diseases, and wasting valuable resources on a system that is not reducing the crime rate. (Clark 1994) The overcrowded prisons have a negative and dangerous impact on its residents’ physical well-being. Deadly and infectious diseases like HIV, hepatitis, and tuberculoses commonly exist in America’s prisons. With very few doctors available, many prisoners are not even aware that they are infected and go untreated. Every year, more than 1. 5 million inmates are released back into the society, infected. Once released, they spread these deadly diseases to their families and communities. As long as prisons remain understaffed, inmates and the rest of society will suffer. (USA Today) Insufficient staffing makes it impossible for prisoners to go through a detailed screening process. The monitoring, screening, and managing of vulnerable or problematic inmates are rarely maintained. Many times dangerous and mentally ill prisoners, untreated and undiagnosed, are put into the main population where they have a negative effect on other inmates as well as themselves. Prisoners are no longer put into facilities that best match their needs; instead they are squeezed into whichever facility has room. This environment is conducive to violence. Many times prisoners are assaulted and even raped by others because staff is not readily available to control the situation. Besides an increased chance of being victimized, research has shown that understaffed jails have more suicides than ones that are properly proportioned. (Haney 3-4) Overcrowding has created a dangerous atmosphere that has forced staff to focus on keeping order rather than worrying about meeting prisoners’ basic needs. Overcrowding has caused many staff members to fear for their personal safety and to look at prisoners with disdain. They are equipped with many lethal and non-lethal weapons to keep them safe and in some jurisdictions rifles and shotguns are carried inside cell blocks. In California, armed guards are kept inside housing units and authorized to respond to inmate disturbances with lethal force. Even while theses inmates sleep, they are kept under gun surveillance. (Haney 11) Education and work programs conducive to rehabilitation are being done away with to pay for room for more prisoners. These programs are necessary because the majority of prisoners are illiterate. A study conducted back in 1992 concluded that about 70% of prisoners were functionally illiterate or illiterate. The Bureau of Justice reported that in the 1990’s, 40% of the prisoners had no job assignments at all, that 40% had menial prison duties like laundry, and only 7% were involved in some type of industry program. This means that little is being done to help prisoners make a smooth transition back into society. Once released, prisoners will have a record that any future job prospects will frown upon. Without any kind of job training it is unlikely that ex-convicts will ever get hired. Many times, released prisoners who are faced with this dilemma, go right back to prison because they resort back to the same illegal practices of receiving money that got them arrested in the first place. When programs are taken away, it tends to increases the violence and frustration amongst inmates. (Haney 5, 7-8) Many people find it hard to sympathize for inmates who are victims of violence, bad health care, or rape because the victims are criminals and many people believe they deserve to be punished. I have heard many people make light of the current prison conditions by telling jokes about Bubba violating men in the shower that drop the soap. What many people do not realize is that it is not just hard core rapists and murderers populating the prisons, in fact, about half of the prison population is serving time for non-violent crimes. Now-a-days one can be incarcerated for certain motor-vehicle infractions and there have been numerous occasions of innocent people being incarcerated. The following chart depicts the types of crimes prisoners were serving time for, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics for 2005. USA Today NID) (Haney 4) Mandatory sentencing is a major contributing factor to the prison overcrowding problem and should be eliminated. Aaron Clarence is a perfect example of why mandatory sentencing should be done away with. Aaron was a 22 year-old college student when he was sentenced to life in prison without parole for a first-time nonviolent drug conviction. The local U. S. attorney charged Aaron with dealing crack cocaine, drugs that he never even touched. What did he do? He accepted $1,500 to introduce a couple of drug dealers and one of the dealers robbed the other. Aaron was pulled out of class months later and charged because one of the dealers claimed Aaron was a big-time drug dealer. No other evidence besides the testimony of the dealer, who benefitted by getting a reduced sentence for his testimony was given. Aaron is spending the rest of his life in prison. (Saunders 2004) The conservative approach to crime, investing in new prisons and jailing our way to a lower crime rate is not working. Now is the time that we realize that this approach is unaffordable and does not decrease the crime rate. Now is the time that different strategies to reduce over crowdedness are looked into. Barbara Flicker argues that a more thorough screening process to determine who to incarcerate or not, needs to be implemented at each stage. The prosecutor, judges, jail administrators, and probation officers should use other resources besides prisons like: unconditional release, third-party custody, a treatment center, bail, probation supervision, electronic surveillance, or work-release programs for non-violent and lesser crimes. Now is time that we stopped punishing all the different types of crimes that are out there by the same method. Many times drug offenders are locked up in the same facilities as pedophiles and are serving more time than them. (1990) (Smolowe and Blackman 1994) The current prison system is in desperate need of change. Prisons are supposed to be a deterrent to crime but this not the outcome. Now is the time that people realize that what goes on in prison affects everyone in society. About 95% of prisoners will be released back into society at one point. We need to ask ourselves, â€Å"Do we want these people released back into our communities without any kind of rehabilitation or worse off than they started out? Are people being sentenced to life for committing a misdemeanor fair? Is it right to deprive money from schools and the community to finance a system that does not work? † If your answer to these questions is no, then now is the time for action. Discussing the situation is the first step. Many people openly discuss the school system and other facilities that our tax dollars contribute to, and overlook the prison system which takes much more money to run. Many people are unaware of the overcrowded conditions or mandatory sentencing until someone they care about is affected. People need to be made aware in order for change to happen. Read about outrageous prison sentences like Aaron Clarence’s that have been handed out. Write to a local politician explaining concerns about the problems in our current prison system. If nothing is done, and this lock-them-up trend continues, half the adult population will experience the inside of a prison or jail. (Will 1998) Reference Page Clark, C. S. (1994, February 4). Prison Overcrowding. CQ Researcher, 4, 97-120. Retrieved March 6, 2009 From CQ Researcher Online Flicker, B. (1990 February). To Jail or Not to Jail. ABA Journal. Retrieved February 13, 2009. From Business Source Campus Database. Haney, Craig. Prison Overcrowding: Harmful Consequences and Dysfunctional Reactions. Retrieved February 13, 2009. From http://prisoncommission. org/statement/haney. craig. pdf. Rising prison problems begin to trickle into society. (nid) USA Today. Retrieved February 13, 2009. From Master FILE Premier Database Smolowe, J. , & Blackman, A. (1994 February 7)†¦and throw away the key. (cover story). Time. 143(6). 54. Retrieved February 13, 2009. From Master FILE Premier Database. Saunders, D. (2004 November 28) Free Clarence Aaron. The San Francisco Chronicle (CA) retrieved March 5, 2008 from http://www. ovember. org/Blakely/Saunders11-28- 04. html. Will G. (1998 July 20) A jail break for geriatrics. Newsweek p. 70. Retrieved February 13, 2009. From Master FILE Premier Database. Peer Review Checklist* What is the main point of this paper? | The main point of the paper is the overcrowding of the prison system. | What is the greatest strength of this paper? | The greatest strength of t his paper is all the information provided. The statistics give the reader a chance to actually absorb numbers. | What material does not seem to fit the main point of the paper or does not seem to be appropriate for the audience? I think that all the information fit well into the paper. The statistics were there to represent the prisoners; you provided detailed information on what all the overcrowding did to the staff and others in the prison. You showed cause and affect of what the overcrowding did to the prison system. | Has the author sufficiently addressed counterarguments? Explain your answer. | I think the author sufficiently addressed the counterarguments represented in the paper. I would of like to of seen if there was any suggestions to fixing the problem though. | Where should the author add more details or examples? Explain your answer. | Suggestions on what they could do to fix the problem. Also a few updated statistics. The statistic from 1992 is little old. I would of liked to know if the prisoners are more alliterate now or then. | Where is the writing unclear or vague? | I found the writing to be clear. I did not find it unclear or vague. | What is your favorite part of this piece of writing? | I enjoyed the whole paper. I did not find myself liking one part better than the other. I enjoyed the whole paper. | What other comments can you provide for the author? I found the paper extremely informative. There was a large amount of information that I was not aware of. I would have to suggest that some of the paragraphs like the opener seem to be really long and there is a lot of information in them. I think if you broke them into smaller paragraphs it would make the information stronger for the reader. | *Adapted from Reinking, J. A. , Hart, A. W. , & Von der Osten, R. (2003). Strategies for su ccessful writing: A rhetoric, research guide, reader, and handbook (6th ed. ). Boston: Prentice-Hall/Pearson Custom Publishing.

Marginal costing techniques Essay

The cost of a product under marginal costing or variable costing includes only the variable costs of making the product. The variable costs include direct material, direct labour and variable overheads. Variable costs per unit approximate the marginal cost of making another unit of a product. Selling price minus variable costs adds up to contribution. Contribution is the amount of money available to cover the fixed costs and afterwards to contribute to profit. The fixed costs are treated as period costs and are expensed in the period incurred. Marginal costing can be used to assist in decision making in the following circumstances: acceptance of a special order, dropping a product, make or buy decision and to choose which product (mix) to produce when a limiting factor (resource) exists. The technique of marginal costing mainly concentrates on financial factors, for instance the company’s objective to maximise profit or to create wealth. But other non-financial or commercial implications with long term character are largely ignored. If a company decides whether it should drop a product or not, it is necessary to consider commercial factors. If it stops producing a product because of its profitability, it might upset customers who have bought this product over years. And it may happen that they start buying their whole products from competitors. A company should not think immediately about dropping a product when the demand is too low, since it is short term thinking to let thousands of customers go away. It should rather think about exceeding the demand. Further on, the product to be dropped may be a complementary one to another product made by the company. The problems of scarse resources can be compared with those of dropping a product. If an enterprise decides to make an optimum product mix (=profit maximising product mix), it might be in the position of not having enough resources to make a product with a lower contribution. The same effects of dropping a product could be a consequence. The acceptance of an order might depend on non-financial factors as well. The firm should consider if it could sell the products itself under another (low cost) label. Furthermore a company must pay attention to its price in the primary market because the orderer might offer the product either for a higher or lower price. Make or buy decisions are difficult because outsourcing always jeopardizes the jobs of those currently working for the  company and the quality of the job to be done. The firms’ image and thereby its sales are put in danger, if it makes frivolous redundancies. Moreover, the company has to make sure that it gets the same quality of output for less money to justify the outsourcing. In my opinion it is true that marginal costing ignores other relevant commercial factors. The contribution of a product on its own should not be decisive and is short term thinking. A company has to pay attention to customers, public and competitors as well. A long term strategy including financial and non-financial factors should be established to ensure a profitable and sustainable performance.

Death Penalty essay Essays

Death Penalty essay Essays Death Penalty essay Essay Death Penalty essay Essay Essay Topic: Death Penalty Studies show that the death penalty is an in-effective deterrent of crime and is an economic burden to tax-payers, counties, and states. The main issues of this essay are whether or not the death penalty is in fact, a deterrent of crime, and if the burden of the cost associated with the death penalty is worth the retribution. As Mahatma Ghandi said, An eye for an eye leaves us all blind. Capital punishment is the sentencing of convicted criminals to death. It is a highly controversial and debatable topic. This is an issue that keeps many people, mainly politicians, tossing and turning at night. Is it moral? Is it a deterrent of crime? Is it worth the money we spend on death penalty cases? There are an abundance of studies, articles, arguments, and opinions both for and against the death penalty. This essay will look at the arguments, and show that the death penalty is not a highly effective deterrent of crime, and it will also show that it is not economically Justified. The death penalty dates back thousands of years, but it in the United States it has become a topic that is very controversial. There have been many legal challenges in the past fifty years, challenging the morality of the executions. In 1967 a moratorium was placed on the death penalty after the Supreme Courts finding that it was arbitrary and capricious and that it violated the 8th Amendment. (Capital Punishment, 2013). It wasnt a ruling that the death penalty itself was unconstitutional, but that the laws as written were cruel and unusual punishment. States wrote new laws, and in 1977 executions resumed. The first execution after the moratorium was in Utah, death by firing squad. Deterrence, in the mindset of death penalty supporters, is the belief that criminals or would be criminals fear death more than anything else. Judge Robert E. Crowe stated It is the finality of the death penalty which instills fear into the heart of every murderer, and it is the fear of punishment which protects society. (Crowe, 1925, para3). A survey of leading criminologists by Radelet Lacock (2009), showed that an astounding 88% did not agree that the death penalty is a deterrent of crime. They believe that an abolishment on the death penalty would not result in any significant rise in crime rates. The majority of law enforcement surveyed believes capital punishment does not deter violent crime. (Ralelet Lacock, 2009). Another survey of police chiefs states that they rank the death penalty lowest on ways to deter crime. They believe that an increase in law enforcement and lowering drug abuse are the best ways to reduce violence. Although there are many studies stating that the death penalty is a deterrent of crime, The National Research Council (2012) concluded that the studies on the effect of murder rates and the death penalty were seriously flawed. They showed that the studies didnt consider the effects of non capital punishments, and used incomplete or implausible models. They found three fundamental flaws: 1) The studies did not factor in the effects of non-capital punishments that may be imposed. 2) The studies used imcomplete or implausible models of potential murderers perceptions of and responses to the use of capital punishment. 3) Estimates of the effect of capital punishment are based on statistical models that make assumptions that are not credible. (The National Research Council, 2012). of criminals. He believes that murderers dont think of the death penalty as a reason not to kill. People who are contemplating murder do not sit down and weigh the consequences. He believes it is an erratic and flawed process which should be discontinued. The decision on whether a defendant gets the death penalty is dependent on too many variables: The discretion of the prosecutor, the competence of the defense attorneys, the makeup of the Jury, and the attitude of the Judge and appeals court. Further research shows that most murders are committed in the heat of passion, under the influence of drugs or alcohol, or because ofa mental illness. During the act of committing murder, criminals do not expect to be caught and there is little thought being given to the consequences of the action. Even when a murder is premeditated, the criminal focuses more on escaping arrest, detection, or conviction. (saroktn, 2011). The ACLUs position on the death penalty (2012) is that it violates a constitutional ban on cruel and unusual punishment and the guarantees of due process. They believe that states should not give themselves the right to kill, especially with premeditation and celebration. They believe it is unfair because it is dependant of the competency of the attorneys, how much money the defendant has, the race of the victim, and where the crime takes place. (ACLU 2012) Capital punishment in the United States is unusual because it is the only western industrialized nation that engages in the practice. It is also unusual because only a small percentage of convicted killers are sentenced to death. The homicide rate in the United States is five times higher than any western European county. This is shocking due to the fact that the United States is the only county with the death penalty. Currently there are eighteen states without the death penalty. In President Jimmy Carters article Show Death Penalty the Door (2012), he provides statistics on tates with the death penalty vs. tates without the death penalty. The rates of homicides are higher in states with the death penalty. Take North and South Dakota for example: Both of these states are very similar in population, culture, and region. North Dakota does not have the death penalty and South Dakota does. There are more capital crimes in South Dakota. According to the Department of Justice (FBI Uniform Crime Report, 2012), the national murder rate was about the same in 2011 as in 2012. The Northeast region of the United States, the region with the fewest executions, had the lowest murder ate of any other region. The murder rate in the northeast also decreases 3. 4%. The southern region, the region with the highest execution rate, again had the highest murder rates. Six of the nine states with the lowest murder rate are states without the death penalty. Justice Bryon White, (Furman v. Georgia), noted that when only a tiny portion of individuals who commit murder are executed, the death penalty is unconstitutionally irrational. The lessons of Furman haunt present day realities in most states because it is used so rarely as to defy the logic of deterrence. 972) When weighing the all the deterring facts, the death penalty does not make sense for our country. While looking at the economic factors and costs of the death penalty, the ends do not Justify The cost of the death penalty is far more expensive than the cost of life in prison. Former District Attorney, Sterling Goodspeed, stated miou can house criminals in the Waldorf Hotel for sixty to seventy years and feed them three meals a day cheape r than we can litigate a single death penalty case. A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research show that the burden put n tax payers due to capital murder charges is a huge burden to counties. These trials cost so much that cuts in the budget have to be made elsewhere. States and counties could save millions by eliminating these trials. (Baicker, 2012). Statistics show that the cost is so much higher for a variety of reasons. These expensive trials need special defense teams specializing in death penalty cases. The cost of security, specialty witnesses and DNA testing are Just some of the huge expenses these trials incur. Many of the countrys leading law enforcement personnel, criminologists, Judges nd others believe that the resources that are put into these extremely expensive trials should be redirected elsewhere. The money could be spent on improving the community and prevention programs. (Kondavic, 2012). Research shows that people who attend Early Childhood programs are less likely to commit crimes. High school programs that help at-risk youth reach graduation also helps to reduce crime. These programs could benefit from the additional resources that capital murder cases soak up. (Equal Justice USA,2013). Gang prevention programs and mental health services will also help reduce riminal activity. Providing these services to Juveniles reduces their probability of being arrested. It has been said that if the perpetrators in the many recent school shootings would have been offered these services, a lot of trauma and bloodshed could have been avoided. Treatment has successfully reduced crime, incarceration, and recidivism. Most law enforcement officials agree that funds to help the victims and their families are needed. These funds could pay for grief counseling, scholarships, medical expenses, and emergency funds. Since the use of DNA testing more than ne-hundred thirty people have been exonerated from death row. Now the courts are being flooded with expensive appeals and DNA testing. Not only would doing away with the death penalty relieve the court systems and save money, but it will assure that no innocent man or woman ever be wrongly executed. (Associated Press, 2009) Research and evidence show that putting a moratorium on the death penalty for good would be better for tax-payers and all of this countrys communities. It would also assure that no innocent person will ever be condemned to death. The deterrent actor and the economic factor are proof enough, but there is always the moral factor. In 1972 Supreme Court Justice, Marshall Thurgood gave his opinion in the case Fruman v. Georgia. He stated that Capital punishment violates the Eighth Amendment because it is morally unacceptable. In Judging if it is morally acceptable, most courts say its valid unless it shocks the conscience and sense of Justice of the people assuming knowledge of all the facts presently available regarding capital conscience and sense of Justice. For this reason alone, capital punishment cannot stand. (1972).

On Virtue and Happiness, by John Stuart Mill

On Virtue and Happiness, by John Stuart Mill English philosopher and social reformer John Stuart Mill was one of the major intellectual figures of the 19th century and a founding member of the Utilitarian Society. In the following excerpt from his long philosophical essay Utilitarianism, Mill relies on strategies of classification and division to defend the utilitarian doctrine that happiness is the sole end of human action. On Virtue and Happiness by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) The utilitarian doctrine is, that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being only desirable as means to that end. What ought to be required of this doctrine,what conditions is it requisite that the doctrine should fulfill, to make good its claim to be believed? The only proof capable of being given that an object is visible, is that people actually see it. The only proof that a sound is audible, is that people hear it; and so of the other sources of our experience. In like manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable, is that people do actually desire it. If the end which the utilitarian doctrine proposes to itself were not, in theory and in practice, acknowledged to be an end, nothing could ever convince any person that it was so. No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable, except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desires his own happiness. This, however, being a fact, we have not only all the proof which the case admits of, but all which it is possible to require, that happiness is a good, that each persons happiness is a good to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons. Happiness has made out its t itle as one of the ends of conduct, and consequently one of the criteria of morality. But it has not, by this alone, proved itself to be the sole criterion. To do that, it would seem, by the same rule, necessary to show, not only that people desire happiness, but that they never desire anything else. Now it is palpable that they do desire things which, in common language, are decidedly distinguished from happiness. They desire, for example, virtue, and the absence of vice, no less really than pleasure and the absence of pain. The desire of virtue is not as universal, but it is as authentic a fact, as the desire of happiness. And hence the opponents of the utilitarian standard deem that they have a right to infer that there are other ends of human action besides happiness, and that happiness is not the standard of approbation and disapprobation. But does the utilitarian doctrine deny that people desire virtue, or maintain that virtue is not a thing to be desired? The very reverse. It maintains not only that virtue is to be desired, but that it is to be desired disinterestedly, for itself. Whatever may be the opinion of utilitarian moralists as to the original conditions by which virtue is made virtue, however they may believe (as they do) that actions and dispositions are only virtuous because they promote another end than virtue, yet this being granted, and it having been decided, from considerations of this description, what is virtuous, they not only place virtue at the very head of the things which are good as means to the ultimate end, but they also recognize as a psychological fact the possibility of its being, to the individual, a good in itself, without looking to any end beyond it; and hold, that the mind is not in a right state, not in a state conformable to Utility, not in the state most conducive to the general h appiness, unless it does love virtue in this manner- as a thing desirable in itself, even although, in the individual instance, it should not produce those other desirable consequences which it tends to produce, and on account of which it is held to be virtue. This opinion is not, in the smallest degree, a departure from the Happiness principle. The ingredients of happiness are very various, and each of them is desirable in itself, and not merely when considered as swelling an aggregate. The principle of utility does not mean that any given pleasure, as music, for instance, or any given exemption from pain, as for example health, is to be looked upon as means to a collective something termed happiness, and to be desired on that account. They are desired and desirable in and for themselves; besides being means, they are a part of the end. Virtue, according to the utilitarian doctrine, is not naturally and originally part of the end, but it is capable of becoming so; and in those who love it disinterestedly it has become so, and is desired and cherished, not as a means to happiness, but as a part of their happiness. Concluded on page two Continued from page oneTo illustrate this farther, we may remember that virtue is not the only thing, originally a means, and which if it were not a means to anything else, would be and remain indifferent, but which by association with what it is a means to, comes to be desired for itself, and that too with the utmost intensity. What, for example, shall we say of the love of money? There is nothing originally more desirable about money than about any heap of glittering pebbles. Its worth is solely that of the things which it will buy; the desires for other things than itself, which it is a means of gratifying. Yet the love of money is not only one of the strongest moving forces of human life, but money is, in many cases, desired in and for itself; the desire to possess it is often stronger than the desire to use it, and goes on increasing when all the desires which point to ends beyond it, to be compassed by it, are falling off. It may, then, be said truly, that money is desired not for the sake of an end, but as part of the end. From being a means to happiness, it has come to be itself a principal ingredient of the individuals conception of happiness. The same may be said of the majority of the great objects of human life:power, for example, or fame; except that to each of these there is a certain amount of immediate pleasure annexed, which has at least the semblance of being naturally inherent in them- a thing which cannot be said of money. Still, however, the strongest natural attraction, both of power and of fame, is the immense aid they give to the attainment of our other wishes; and it is the strong association thus generated between them and all our objects of desire, which gives to the direct desire of them the intensity it often assumes, so as in some characters to surpass in strength all other desires. In these cases the means have become a part of the end, and a more important part of it than any of the things which they are means to. What was once desired as an instrument for the attainment of ha ppiness, has come to be desired for its own sake. In being desired for its own sake it is, however, desired as part of happiness. The person is made, or thinks he would be made, happy by its mere possession; and is made unhappy by failure to obtain it. The desire of it is not a different thing from the desire of happiness, any more than the love of music, or the desire of health. They are included in happiness. They are some of the elements of which the desire of happiness is made up. Happiness is not an abstract idea, but a concrete whole; and these are some of its parts. And the utilitarian standard sanctions and approves their being so. Life would be a poor thing, very ill provided with sources of happiness, if there were not this provision of nature, by which things originally indifferent, but conducive to, or otherwise associated with, the satisfaction of our primitive desires, become in themselves sources of pleasure more valuable than the primitive pleasures, both in permanency, in the space of human existence that they are capable of covering, and even in intensity. Virtue, according to the utilitarian conception, is a good of this description. There was no original desire of it, or motive to it, save its conduciveness to pleasure, and especially to protection from pain. But through the association thus formed, it may be felt a good in itself, and desired as such with as great intensity as any other good; and with this difference between it and the love of money, of power, or of fame- that all of these may, and often do, render the individual noxious to the other members of the society to which he belongs, whereas there is nothing which makes him so much a blessing to them as the cultivation of the disinterested love of virtue. And consequently, the utilitarian standard, while it tolerates and approves those other acquired desires, up to the point beyond which they would be more injurious to the general happiness than promotive of it, enjoins and requires the cultivation of the love of virtue up to the greatest strength possible, as being above all things important to the general happiness. It results from the preceding considerations, that there is in reality nothing desired except happiness. Whatever is desired otherwise than as a means to some end beyond itself, and ultimately to happiness, is desired as itself a part of happiness, and is not desired for itself until it has become so. Those who desire virtue for its own sake, desire it either because the consciousness of it is a pleasure, or because the consciousness of being without it is a pain, or for both reasons united; as in truth the pleasure and pain seldom exist separately, but almost always together- the same person feeling pleasure in the degree of virtue attained, and pain in not having attained more. If one of these gave him no pleasure, and the other no pain, he would not love or desire virtue, or would desire it only for the other benefits which it might produce to himself or to persons whom he cared for. We have now, then, an answer to the question, of what sort of proof the principle of utility is susceptible. If the opinion which I have now stated is psychologically true- if human nature is so constituted as to desire nothing which is not either a part of happiness or a means of happiness, we can have no other proof, and we require no other, that these are the only things desirable. If so, happiness is the sole end of human action, and the promotion of it the test by which to judge of all human conduct; from whence it necessarily follows that it must be the criterion of morality, since a part is included in the whole. (1863)

BARN BURNING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BARN BURNING - Essay Example This story is no exception, however, the greatest job that he served as a writer was the intricate fabrication of fine play of words with the anxiety and aggression that the protagonist faced. The characters in the story play an important part in explaining to readers the general behavior of people. The main characters are an antagonist who gains sadistic pleasure in destroying the elements of law in the society, a protagonist who chooses the right path and in turn shows the readers the right path, and the secondary characters who either are the cause for the behavior of antagonist or are meek observers who do not have the heart to choose the right path. This story has it all. In the story, the protagonist is young Sartoris Snopes, or Sarty as he is referred to in the rest of the story, and the antagonist his stern father, Abner Snopes. The conflict that forms the central theme is the loyalty towards one’s blood or loyalty towards truth and justice. While the antagonist prefers the former to the two, more to satisfy his own evil deeds and to secure his foothold, the protagonist prefers the latter. The conflict arises because the two are related by blood and while on many occasions Sarty tries to show his sense of loyalty to blood, he fails to understand his father’s desire to destroy his enemy, more so when he himself is responsible for creating that enemy. Young Sarty is in a bind because the antagonist is his father, so while his morals prefer justice and truth, they also compel him to be faithful to his father. Parents are the central figure for a child, however, with Sarty choosing the path of justice at the end, the writer shows how rel ations need to be restrained in order to do the right thing, which also indicates breaking free from the illusions and the bonds that keep a person from doing the right thing. Abner Snopes is a disgruntled man who is unable to find his sense of security for the simple reason because he is poor and